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The subscriber base for mobile internet connections increased to 260.6 million customers by mid-2019 this amounted to more than 175 percent of Russia’s total population, meaning there were multiple subscriptions per person. Increasingly, users in Russia access the internet through mobile devices. 3 The government’s national Digital Economy program aims to provide 97 percent of households with fixed broadband internet connections featuring speeds of 100 megabits per second (Mbps) or more by 2024.

The household fixed broadband penetration rate was about 61 percent, though it reached 89 percent in Moscow. In 2020, the household subscriber base for fixed-line broadband internet connections increased by 2.6 percent compared with 2019, from 33.4 million to 33.6 million subscribers, according to the Russian research company TMT Consulting. 1 The Russian research company Mediascope estimated the country’s internet penetration rate at 80.7 percent for the period from March 2021 to May 2021. According to the Levada Center, a nongovernmental research organization, the overall internet penetration rate reached 76 percent by the fourth quarter of 2019, when the proportion of Russians who used the internet daily or at least several times a week was about 65 percent. Internet access in Russia continues to expand gradually, with a more acute increase in fourth-generation (4G) mobile services during the coverage period. In a departure from their strategy in previous years, Russian authorities did not shut down internet service during protests (see A3).During the mass protests in support of Navalny that began in late January 2021, the authorities limited the space for online mobilization, arresting individuals who promoted the protests and raiding the office of a student-run online media outlet (see B8 and C3).The law, adopted after the coverage period in July 2021, will require these companies to establish in-country offices that liaise with the federal agency responsible for censoring content (see B2 and B3).

The government issued fines and passed several laws in an attempt to exercise control over the content moderation policies of popular online platforms, culminating in the introduction of a law on local representatives.

This marked the first time that deep packet inspection (DPI) equipment installed under the scope of the 2019 Sovereign Runet Law was applied to block a global online platform (see A3 and B1).

In March 2021, the communications regulator throttled access to Twitter after the company refused to block “prohibited content,” with the government claiming that the content in question included material related to drug use and suicide.

With loyalist security forces, a subservient judiciary, a controlled media environment, and a legislature consisting of a ruling party and pliable opposition factions, the Kremlin is able to manipulate elections and suppress genuine dissent. Power in Russia’s authoritarian political system is concentrated in the hands of President Vladimir Putin. In addition, officials continued to block COVID-19-related content and detained journalists who criticized the government’s response to the pandemic. In the wake of those protests, the authorities continued to reduce the space for online mobilization, arresting activists who organized online, banning the most prominent opposition groups, and labeling them as “extremist.” The government also targeted independent online media outlets, employing the “foreign agent” designation to make it more difficult for them to operate. By passing laws, issuing fines, and temporarily throttling Twitter, the government tried to exert more influence over international social media companies’ content moderation policies and compel them to delete “prohibited content,” including posts related to January 2021 protests supporting jailed opposition leader Aleksey Navalny. Internet freedom in Russia remained restricted during the coverage period.

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